Abstract:
Background: Concerns exist about whether plant-based diets provide enough essential micronutrients like vitamin D. A systematic review indicated a high risk of vitamin D deficiency in poorly planned vegan diets. The use of vitamin D supplements among vegetarian and vegan children varies, likely due to differences in knowledge and supplementation needs.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate research on dietary intake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, and anthropometry in children following vegetarian and vegan diets.
Methods: A review of current literature examining the vitamin D status of children aged 1-18 years was conducted by systematically searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2023.
Results: The review included nine studies from 2000 to 2023. Five studies found lower dietary intake of vitamin D in children on vegetarian and vegan diets. Three of six studies reported lower 25(OH)D levels in vegetarian and vegan children. One study showed lower levels in vegans compared to omnivores, another in vegetarians and vegans not taking supplements, and a third in Asian children aged 3-4.5 years compared to Caucasian children. The remaining three studies found no significant differences between diet groups. Three studies on anthropometry showed vegetarians had similar body weight and height as omnivores.
Conclusion: Children on vegan and vegetarian diets often have insufficient dietary intake and lower 25(OH)D levels, highlighting the need for increased vitamin D supplements and fortified foods. While a well-planned plant-based diet can meet nutritional requirements, vegetarians, especially vegans, should include vitamin D supplements or fortified foods.
