Conducting pediatric and neonatal clinical trials involves unique challenges and stringent ethical considerations, yet they remain indispensable in developing age-appropriate therapeutics. Infants and children have different pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics than adults, requiring dedicated trials to evaluate drug safety, dosing, and efficacy. Neonatal trials often target life-threatening conditions like sepsis, respiratory distress, or congenital anomalies, while pediatric studies explore chronic illnesses, developmental disorders, and immunization strategies. Pediatric and neonatal clinical trials must navigate informed consent, often involving parents or guardians, while ensuring minimal risk. Regulatory agencies and research bodies are prioritizing innovation in trial design, such as adaptive protocols and decentralized methods. These studies build the foundation for safe, effective, and tailored care across pediatric populations.