Congenital anomalies, nephrotic syndrome, urinary tract infections, and renal failure are core concerns within pediatric nephrology and urology. Diagnostic tools like renal ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrograms, and kidney biopsies help clinicians differentiate structural from functional disorders. Chronic kidney disease in children presents unique challenges due to growth implications and psychosocial stress. Interventions such as peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and pediatric kidney transplantation require multidisciplinary coordination. Pediatric urologists manage conditions like vesicoureteral reflux, undescended testes, and incontinence with both surgical and non-surgical approaches. Emphasis on early intervention and long-term renal preservation is key. Pediatric nephrology and urology also involve family-centered education to support adherence, especially in adolescence where transition to adult nephrology services must be seamless.