Addressing the challenges associated with prematurity and low birth weight infants involves a comprehensive understanding of underdeveloped organ systems, heightened vulnerability to infections, and long-term developmental concerns. These infants often require prolonged hospitalization and access to specialized interventions such as surfactant therapy, parenteral nutrition, and neurodevelopmental monitoring. In many healthcare systems, early identification and intervention for growth restrictions or intrauterine complications play a key role in reducing morbidity. Moreover, global disparities in maternal health and neonatal care infrastructure significantly affect survival and recovery rates. Ongoing research into fetal programming, gene-environment interactions, and maternal-fetal medicine provides critical insights into optimizing care. Enhancing outcomes requires a blend of technological innovation, skilled neonatal teams, and robust support systems for families navigating the uncertainties of preterm birth.