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Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) represents a congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by an abnormal opening in the atrial septum, the muscular wall that separates the left and right atria of the heart. This structural defect occurs during fetal development when the septum fails to close properly, leading to a persistent passage between the atria. ASD is classified into various types based on the location and size of the opening, with ostium secundum defects being the most prevalent. This condition creates a shunting of blood from the left atrium to the right atrium, resulting in increased blood flow to the lungs and potential complications such as pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure if left untreated. The clinical manifestations of ASD vary widely, from asymptomatic cases to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies like echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization. Timely detection is crucial to prevent long-term complications, and treatment options range from conservative management in mild cases to surgical or transcatheter interventions in more severe instances. The advancements in medical technology have enabled minimally invasive approaches for closure, such as using specialized devices that can be deployed through catheters. Long-term prognosis is generally favourable, especially with appropriate interventions, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive cardiac care in mitigating the impact of Atrial Septal Defect on cardiovascular health.
