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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that significantly impair daily functioning across multiple settings. This condition typically emerges in childhood, often before the age of 12, and can persist into adolescence and adulthood. The inattentive aspect of ADHD manifests as difficulties sustaining attention, frequent careless mistakes, forgetfulness, and organizational challenges. Hyperactivity is marked by excessive fidgeting, restlessness, and an inability to engage in activities quietly, while impulsivity involves hasty decision-making, difficulty waiting one's turn, and a tendency to interrupt others. ADHD is a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors, with alterations in brain structure and function contributing to its etiology. Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive assessment that considers behavioural observations, medical history, and standardized rating scales, as well as input from parents, teachers, and the individual themselves. Although stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms, behavioural therapies and psychoeducation are essential components of a multimodal treatment approach. Despite treatment options, ADHD often presents lifelong challenges, impacting academic, occupational, and social aspects of individuals' lives. Increased awareness and understanding of ADHD are crucial for promoting early intervention, reducing stigma, and fostering a supportive environment that enables individuals with ADHD to thrive in their personal and professional pursuits. Ongoing research seeks to unravel the intricacies of ADHD, leading to improved diagnostic tools and more targeted interventions, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for those affected by this pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder.
