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Childhood vascular tumours encompass a diverse group of neoplastic growths arising from abnormal blood vessel development during early stages of life. Characterized by aberrant angiogenesis, these tumours can manifest in various forms, ranging from benign lesions to aggressive malignancies, presenting a complex spectrum of clinical manifestations and histopathological features. Haemangiomas, the most common type, often appear shortly after birth as benign proliferations of blood vessels, exhibiting a characteristic growth phase followed by spontaneous involution. In contrast, vascular malformations, which include venous, arterial, lymphatic, and combined lesions, manifest as structural anomalies in vessel development and may lead to functional impairment or disfigurement. The diagnosis of childhood vascular tumours involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and histopathological analysis. While many vascular tumours are self-limiting and resolve over time, some may necessitate intervention due to complications such as ulceration, bleeding, or organ dysfunction. Innovative therapeutic modalities, including medical management with propranolol, laser therapy, and, in severe cases, surgical excision, are employed to address the diverse clinical scenarios associated with childhood vascular tumours. Despite their heterogeneity, ongoing research aims to elucidate the molecular and genetic underpinnings of these tumours, offering potential targets for novel therapies and fostering a deeper understanding of their pathogenesis. Comprehensive management of childhood vascular tumours requires a collaborative effort involving Paediatricians, radiologists, pathologists, and surgeons, with a focus on optimizing outcomes and quality of life for affected children and their families.
