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Choanal atresia is a congenital condition characterized by the abnormal development or complete blockage of the nasal passages, specifically the choanae, which are the openings at the back of the nasal cavity that connect it to the throat. This disorder typically presents at birth and can affect either one or both nostrils, leading to respiratory difficulties in affected individuals. The most common form of choanal atresia occurs when bony or membranous tissue obstructs the choanae, impeding the normal flow of air. This obstruction can result in symptoms such as nasal congestion, difficulty breathing, and respiratory distress, particularly during feeding. Diagnosis often involves physical examination, imaging studies, and, in some cases, endoscopy. Choanal atresia may occur as an isolated anomaly or as part of a syndrome, and its etiology remains multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. Surgical intervention, such as choanoplasty, is the primary treatment approach, aimed at creating a patent airway through the removal or modification of the obstructive tissue. Prognosis is generally favourable, with prompt diagnosis and appropriate surgical management leading to improved respiratory function and overall quality of life for affected individuals. However, ongoing medical monitoring and potential long-term respiratory support may be necessary, particularly in cases associated with syndromes or additional congenital anomalies. Research continues to explore the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms contributing to choanal atresia, with the goal of enhancing diagnostic techniques and developing targeted therapies for this challenging congenital disorder.
