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Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder unique to pregnancy, manifests as a complex syndrome characterized by elevated blood pressure and damage to multiple organ systems, typically arising after the 20th week of gestation. This condition poses a significant threat to maternal and fetal health, with potentially severe consequences if left untreated. The exact etiology of preeclampsia remains elusive, although it is believed to involve abnormal placental development and inadequate uterine perfusion. Clinically, preeclampsia presents with a spectrum of symptoms, including hypertension, proteinuria, edema, and, in severe cases, organ dysfunction such as liver or kidney impairment, neurological disturbances, and hematological abnormalities. The intricate interplay of genetic, immunological, and vascular factors contributes to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, making prediction and prevention challenging. As a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, timely diagnosis and management are critical. Regular prenatal monitoring, including blood pressure measurements and urine protein assessments, aids in early detection. Treatment modalities often involve antihypertensive medications and close maternal and fetal surveillance. In severe cases, delivery may be the only definitive cure, necessitating careful consideration of gestational age and the overall health of both mother and baby. Preeclampsia remains an area of active research, with ongoing efforts aimed at unraveling its underlying mechanisms and developing targeted interventions to mitigate its impact on maternal and fetal outcomes. Advances in understanding the intricate web of factors contributing to preeclampsia hold promise for improved diagnostic tools and more effective preventive strategies, offering hope for better outcomes for expectant mothers and their infants.
