Neonatal oxygen supplementation, a critical aspect of perinatal care, involves the administration of supplemental oxygen to newborns in order to address respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This practice is pivotal in managing various neonatal conditions such as respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, and congenital heart defects, where newborns may struggle to breathe effectively on their own. Neonatal oxygen supplementation is carefully tailored to individual requirements, often monitored through pulse oximetry, ensuring precise delivery to maintain oxygen saturation within target ranges without causing oxygen toxicity. The process involves meticulous assessment of the infant's respiratory status, utilizing a range of medical devices, including oxygen masks, nasal cannulas, and mechanical ventilators, to deliver the appropriate concentration of oxygen. The careful balance between providing sufficient oxygen to alleviate respiratory distress and avoiding potential complications associated with excessive oxygen exposure underscores the complexity of neonatal oxygen therapy. Clinicians navigate the challenges of premature birth, underdeveloped lungs, and respiratory immaturity, recognizing the delicate nature of neonatal physiology. As part of a comprehensive approach to neonatal care, oxygen supplementation is integrated into neonatal intensive care units, where multidisciplinary teams collaborate to optimize respiratory function and improve overall neonatal outcomes. Continuous monitoring, diligent adjustment of oxygen levels, and consideration of long-term respiratory support contribute to the evolving landscape of neonatal oxygen supplementation, emphasizing its pivotal role in safeguarding the health and well-being of newborns during the vulnerable neonatal period.