Understanding the fundamental biology of preterm birth and its complications, rigorously testing new therapeutics in newborns through expertly designed clinical trials, developing new knowledge about risk factors for poor outcomes in sick neonates through rigorous observational studies, and developing new understanding of the social and medical impact of the organisation and economy of healthcare are all areas in which neonatology has a strong research plan. Current studies are focusing on preterm infant nutrition, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), development, lung function, and long-term outcomes, as well as family experiences of baby loss. In recent years, research has been critical to the advancement of children's health, although many issues remain. It is critical to continue research in order to satisfy the needs of children, particularly those in poor nations who are afflicted by preventable diseases.